Which option is not a common redundant design philosophy?

The concept of redundancy in design is crucial for enhancing safety and reliability in various systems. Fail-safety, fail-operational, and active redundancy are all strategies aimed at ensuring that a system continues to function properly even when certain components fail.

Fail-safety refers to the design principle where the system is engineered to remain in a safe state when a failure occurs. This means that even if a critical component fails, the system does not lead to a hazardous situation.

Fail-operational goes a step further and ensures that the system remains fully operational despite the failure of one or more components. This is particularly important in systems where continuous operation is critical, such as in aviation or medical devices.

Active redundancy involves having multiple components or systems running simultaneously, so that if one fails, the other can immediately take over the function without any disruption.

Derating, on the other hand, is a strategy used to prevent overload and potential failure by limiting the capacity or performance of a component, rather than adding redundancy. For instance, electrical components might be rated for a certain load but used at a lower threshold to ensure longevity and reliability. This approach does not involve creating a redundant system but rather involves using components within their safe operating limits. Thus, it is not categorized as