Which types of ionizing radiation does a Geiger-Mueller meter measure?

The Geiger-Mueller meter is a versatile instrument designed to measure various types of ionizing radiation, including gamma rays, beta particles, and alpha particles. This capability makes it an essential tool in radiation detection and safety monitoring.

When considering gamma and X-rays, while they are indeed types of high-energy electromagnetic radiation, X-rays are typically not specifically measured by a Geiger-Mueller meter in the same way as gamma radiation. Moreover, the ability to measure gamma rays alone does not encompass the full range of ionizing radiation the Geiger-Mueller meter can detect.

Beta particles, which are high-energy, high-speed electrons or positrons emitted by certain types of radioactive decay, can also be measured effectively with a Geiger-Mueller meter. Additionally, alpha particles, which are relatively heavy and carry a positive charge, can be detected as well, provided that the meter has the appropriate window or detector design to allow their measurement.

By encompassing all three types of ionizing radiation—gamma rays, beta particles, and alpha particles—this answer correctly reflects the broad detection capabilities of a Geiger-Mueller meter, making it a comprehensive choice for measuring ionizing radiation.